Bad Pool Air - The Trichloramine Problem

USA Swimming - The Air Quality Issue

USA Swimming - Fresh Air - Fresh Water

Trichloramine Reference Database, Robert Wagner

Some important documents:

• 1-2-2013 Petition to OSHA

Some related research:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Irritants (Chloramines) & Indoor Pool Air Quality
• 2010 NIOSH - Reducing Illness at Indoor Waterparks
• 2007 CDC - Investigation of Employee Symptoms at an Indoor Waterpark
• OSHA - Nitrogen Trichloride
• 2011 Haloacetic Acids in Swimming Pools: Swimmer and Worker Exposure
• 2007 Capital Health Environmental Public Health Service, Alberta - Swimming, Chlorine...and Asthma?
• 2006 World Health Organization - Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 2 Swimming Pools and Similar Environments.
• 2006 The determinants of prevalence of health complaints among young competitive swimmers.
• 2006 Chlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood, Bernard et al.
• 2011 Connecticut Department of Public Health - Indoor Air Pollution at Indoor Swimming Pools
• 2010 Indiana State Department of Health - Indoor Swimming Pool Irritants
• 2011 Baby Swimming: Possible risk of asthma caused by chlorine disinfection?
• 2011 Occupational asthma caused by chloramines in indoor swimming-pool air
• 2011 USA Swimming - Pool Course and Advice
• 2008 Trichloramine in indoor swimming pools
• 2007 Exposure to trichloramine and respiratory symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers
• 2010 Trichloramine Formation and Decay during Breakpoint Process
• 2010 Trichloramine in swimming pools - Formation and mass transfer
• 2002 Indoor swimming pools, water chlorination and respiratory health
• 2012 Lung function in volunteers before and after exposure to trichloramine in indoor pool environments and asthma in a cohort of pool workers
• 2009 ASHRAE - Chemical off-gassing from indoor swimming pools.
• 2007 Infant Swimming Practice, Pulmonary Epithelium Integrity, and the Risk of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Later in Childhood, Bernard et al.
• 2005 Non-invasive biomarkers of pulmonary damage and inflammation: Application to children exposed to ozone and trichloramine, Bernard et al.
• 2002 Lung hyperpermeability and asthma prevalence in schoolchildren: unexpected associations with the attendance at indoor chlorinated swimming pools, Bernard et al.
• 2011 Dynamics of gas-phase trichloramine (NCL3) in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities, Weng et al.
• 2012 Lung function in volunteers before and after exposure to trichloramine in indoor pool environments and asthma in a cohort of pool workers, Nordberg et al.
• 2012 Airborne trichloramine (NCl(3)) levels and self-reported health symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers: dose-response relationships. Fantuzzi et al.
• 2007 Trichloramine in air of indoor swimming pools - relationship to ventilation, water chlorination and nitrogen content. Health effects among those emloyed and visitors from the Public. Nordberg et al.
• 2010 Prevalence of Ocular, Respiratory and Cutaneous Symptoms in Indoor Swimming Pool Workers and Exposure to Disinfection By-Products (DBPs). Fantuzzi et al.

  Recommended Limits of Trichloramine:

  The recommended limits* for public and semi-public pools are 0.5 mg/m³. A level of 0.3 mg/m³ is the new regulation under development. *In France, (French decree : EA4 2008-65 of the 22/02/08).
• 2012 Conclusions: Our results demonstrate an increasing risk of irritative symptoms up to a level of 0.2-0.3 mg/m³ of trichloramine. The health data in our study, as well as the review of the literature, strongly suggest fixing the trichloramine occupational exposure limit at 0.3 mg/m³.
• 2012 Superior Health Council, Belgium - The SHC does not encourage baby swimming (age 0-12 months) in environments such as those that currently prevail in Belgian swimming pools.

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